Electronic Arts - Wikipedia. Electronic Arts Inc. Founded and incorporated on May 2. Trip Hawkins, the company was a pioneer of the early home computer games industry and was notable for promoting the designers and programmers responsible for its games. As of 2. 01. 4, Electronic Arts was the world's fourth- largest gaming company by revenue after Tencent, Sony and Microsoft. Other EA labels produce established franchises such as Battlefield, Need for Speed, The Sims, Medal of Honor, Command & Conquer, as well as newer franchises such as Crysis, Dead Space, Mass Effect, Dragon Age, Army of Two, Titanfall and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, produced in partnership with Lucas. Arts. EA later grew via acquisition of several successful developers. By the early 2. 00. EA had become one of the world's largest third- party publishers. Liberty University will stop at nothing, it seems, to raise the profile of its football program. Last fall, it hired disgraced former Baylor athletic director Ian. GameStop: Buy EA Sports UFC 2, EA Sports, Xbox One, Find release dates, customer reviews, previews and screenshots. Your favorite Xbox apps will find their home on Xbox One. Find the apps you want instantly, and pin favorites to your home screen. The latest game reviews and news for Xbox One, PS4, Nintendo, PC Platforms. Daily Star tech also feature articles on Xbox and Playstation consoles. Product Details: EA SPORTS UFC® 2 innovates with stunning character likeness and animation, adds an all new Knockout Physics System and authentic gameplay features. Suitable for the Xbox One. This game is classified as certificate 16. It contains content unsuitable for persons under 16 years old. It is illegal to supply it to. Is EA Access Worth Buying? So is EA Access a good deal? Should Xbox One owners rush to their console to pick up a subscription to play Electronic Arts’ selection of. On May 4, 2. 01. 1, EA reported $3. March 2. 01. 1, and on January 1. EA announced that it had exceeded $1 billion in digital revenue during the previous calendar year. In July 2. 01. 1, EA announced that it had acquired Pop. Cap Games, the company behind hits such as Plants vs. Zombies and Bejeweled. FIFA 17 TOTW 32 Update for FUT Ultimate Team is now LIVE with a new Lionel Messi Hero card FIFA 17 TOTW 32 REVEALED: FIFA 17 developer EA Sports has just. Valentine encouraged Hawkins to leave Apple Inc., in which Hawkins served as Director of Product Marketing, and allowed Hawkins use of Sequoia Capital's spare office space to start the company. On May 2. 8, 1. 98. Trip Hawkins incorporated and established the company with a personal investment of an estimated US$2. The company was not named Amazin' Software, but instead Electronic Arts. Seven months later in December 1. Hawkins secured US$2 million of venture capital from Sequoia Capital, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, and Sevin Rosen Funds. With aid from his first employee (with whom he worked in marketing at Apple), Rich Melmon, the original plan was written, mostly by Hawkins, on an Apple II in Sequoia Capital's office in August 1. During that time, Hawkins also employed two of his former staff from Apple, Dave Evans and Pat Marriott, as producers, and a Stanford MBA classmate, Jeff Burton from Atari for international business development. The business plan was again refined in September and reissued on October 8, 1. By November, employee headcount rose to 1. Tim Mott, Bing Gordon, David Maynard, and Steve Hayes. Headcount rose rapidly in 1. Don Daglow, Richard Hilleman, Stewart Bonn, David Gardner, and Nancy Fong. He recruited his original employees from Apple, Atari, Xerox PARC, and Visi. Corp, and got Steve Wozniak to agree to sit on the board of directors. Combined with the fact that Hawkins was pioneering new game brands, this made sales growth more challenging. Retailers wanted to buy known brands from existing distribution partners. After more flyers were handed out, former CEO Larry Probst arrived as VP of Sales in late 1. US$1. 8 million in its third full year. Up until that point publishing of Electronic Arts Games, and the conversion of many of their games to compact cassette versions in Europe was handled by Ariolasoft. Most of the early employees of the company disliked the Amazin' Software name that Hawkins had originally chosen when he incorporated the company. Hence, the latest version of the business plan had suggested the name . However, Hawkins and Melmon knew the founders of Software Arts, the creators of Visi. Calc, and thought their permission should be obtained. Dan Bricklin did not want the name used because it sounded too similar (perhaps . However, the name concept was liked by all the attendees. Hawkins had also recently read a best- selling book about the film studio, United Artists, and liked the reputation that the company had created. Early advisers Andy Berlin, Jeff Goodby, and Rich Silverstein (who would soon form their own ad agency Goodby, Silverstein & Partners) were also fans of that approach, and the discussion was led by Hawkins and Berlin. Hawkins said everyone had a vote but they would lose it if they went to sleep. Other candidates included Gordon's suggestion of . This statement from Hayes immediately tilted sentiment towards Electronic Arts and the name was unanimously endorsed. This characterization was even further reinforced with EA's packaging of most of their games in the . Their first such ad, accompanied by the slogan . Commodore had given EA development tools and prototype machines before Amiga's actual launch. For Amiga EA published some notable non- game titles. A drawing program Deluxe Paint (1. Amiga platform. Some of them, most notably Deluxe Paint, were ported to other platforms. For Macintosh EA released a black & white animation tool called Studio/1, and a series of Paint titles called Studio/8 and Studio/3. In 1. 98. 8 EA published a flight simulator game exclusively for Amiga, F/A- 1. Interceptor, which received attention due to its vector graphics that were notable for 1. Another significant Amiga release (also initially available for Atari ST, later converted for numerous other platforms) was Populous (1. Bullfrog Productions. It was a pioneering and influential title in the genre that was later called . On February 1, 2. Electronic Arts announced that it would cut worldwide staff by 5 percent. On April 1. 1, 2. EA announced a similar, 6- year licensing deal with the Collegiate Licensing Company (CLC) for exclusive rights to college football content. EA was the first publisher to release yearly updates of its sports franchises—Madden, FIFA, NHL, NBA Live, Tiger Woods, etc.—with updated player rosters and small graphical and gameplay tweaks. In the beginning, Nokia customers were able to download seven EA titles (Tetris, Tetris Mania, The Sims 2, Doom, FIFA 0. Tiger Woods PGA Tour 0. FIFA Street 2) on the holiday season in 2. Rick Simonson is the executive vice president and director of Nokia and starting from 2. John Riccitiello and are partners. His handpicked successor is John Riccitiello, who had worked at EA for several years previously, departed for a while, and then returned. In June 2. 00. 7, new CEO John Riccitiello announced that EA would reorganize itself into four labels, each with responsibility for its own product development and publishing (the city- state model). The goal of the reorganization was to empower the labels to operate more autonomously, streamline decision- making, increase creativity and quality, and get games into the market faster. In 2. 00. 8, at the DICE Summit, Riccitiello called the earlier approach of . Riccitiello said that the city- state model allows independent developers to remain autonomous to a large extent, and cited Maxis and Bio. Ware as examples of studios thriving under the new structure. EA has released Battlefield 2. Command & Conquer: Tiberium Wars, Crysis, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Madden NFL 0. Need for Speed: Carbon and Spore for the Mac. All of the new games have been developed for the Macintosh using Cider, a technology developed by Trans. Gaming that enables Intel- based Macs to run Windows games inside a translation layer running on Mac OS X. They are not playable on Power. PC- based Macs. A week later they then purchased VG Holding Corp, the parent company of Bio. Ware and Pandemic Studios. It was revealed in February 2. Electronic Arts had made a takeover bid for rival game company Take- Two Interactive. After its initial offer of US$2. Take- Two board, EA revised it to US$2. The company will become EA Mobile Korea. EA made this statement about the merger: . With the retirement and departure of Kathy Vrabeck, EA is reorganizing to integrate casual games—development and marketing—into other divisions of our business. We are merging our Casual Studios, Hasbro partnership, and Casual marketing organization with The Sims Label to be a new Sims and Casual Label, where there is a deep compatibility in the product design, marketing and demographics. Those businesses remain growth priorities for EA and deserve strong support in a group that will compliment their objectives. It also closed 1. Riccitiello, in a conference call with reporters, stated that their poor performance in the fourth quarter was not due entirely to the poor economy, but also to the fact that they did not release any blockbuster titles in the quarter. In the quarter ending December 3. US$6. 41 million. As of early May 2. EA Redwood Shores was known as Visceral Games. The move will actually place Mythic under control of Bio. Ware as Ray Muzyka and Greg Zeschuk will be in direct control of the new entity. These layoffs also led to the complete shutdown of Pandemic Studios. It is not to be confused with Chilango. In October 2. 01. EA announced the acquisition of UK based i. Phone and i. Pad games publisher Chillingo for US$2. Chillingo published the popular Angry Birds for i. OS and Cut the Rope for all platforms, but the deal did not include those properties. Larry Probst was also appointed executive chairman on the same day. EA's subsidiaries including Bio. Ware, DICE, Visceral Games, Motive Studios, Capital Games and external developer Respawn Entertainment, were responsible in creating new video games set in the Star Wars universe. It is headed by Peter Moore. The new department specializes in creating new projects for virtual reality platforms, and . The new department is located in Stockholm and Vancouver. Many have attributed former CEO John Riccitiello's success in leading EA to his passion as a gamer. In addition to traditional packaged- goods games, EA Games also develops massively multiplayer online role- playing games. The label is headquartered at EA's campus in Redwood Shores. Maxis' original studio in Emeryville was closed in March 2. The studio now sits under the leadership of the SVP of EA Mobile. Founded in 2. 00. PC games for EA's new Play. Free series. Ghost Games in Gothenburg, Sweden, England, UK and Bucharest, Romania, founded as EA Gothenburg in 2. Motive Studios in Montreal, Quebec, Canada started in 2. Pop. Cap Games in Seattle, Washington acquired in 2. The Sims Studio in Redwood City, California founded in 2. Xbox Live Gold membership not required. App provider- specific subscriptions and/or additional requirements may apply for some apps. Available apps vary by country, and between Xbox 3. Xbox One. Available apps and features vary by country. Not all apps will be available at launch. Additional subscriptions or requirements apply for some features (such as Amazon Video, Crackle, Hulu Plus, Skype, Xbox Music, Fox Now, FX Now on Xbox One, CW, Muzu. TV, Target Ticket, TED, Redbox Instant, Twitch and Vudu, Univision Deportes, Internet Explorer, Machinima, and You. Tube). Kinect functionality and voice available with select content and varies by feature, provider and region. Xbox Video on Xbox One is streaming only. HD resolution only available with 1: 1 video calls. 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Japanese - Language Information & Resources. Our professional language experts include native Japanese speakers experienced in the nuances of the language and the requirements of effective translation. Click here. If you prefer to first learn more about the Japanese language and its various dialects, keep reading. Japanese Language. Japanese ranks as one of the world’s most important languages with over 1. Of these, the vast majority, about 1. Japan and the island group of Okinawa. Millions of additional near- native or otherwise fluent speakers of Japanese reside within Korea, China, or other parts of Asia. Many of these people acquired Japanese during Japan’s military operations both before and after World War II. There has been a great surge of interest in the study of Japanese as a second language throughout the past 3. Western world’s fascination with Japanese culture, as well as to Japan’s status as a world economic power. History of Japanese Language The origin of Japanese is in considerable dispute among scholars. Evidence has been offered for a number of sources: Ural- Altaic, Polynesian, and Chinese among others. Of these, Japanese is most widely believed to be connected to the Ural- Altaic family, which includes Turkish, Mongolian, Manchu, and Korean within its domain. Among these languages, Korean is most frequently compared to Japanese, as both languages share significant key features such as general structure, vowel harmony, lack of conjunctions, and the extensive use of honorific speech, in which the hierarchical rank of the listener heavily affects the discourse. However, pronunciation of Japanese is significantly different from Korean, and the languages are mutually unintelligible. Japanese also shares considerable similarities with the languages of the Ryukyu Islands, within which Okinawa is located, although the Ryukyu languages and Japanese are also mutually unintelligible. Filipino Americans - History, Spanish rule, 1565-1898 Du-Ha. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD, 1898-1946 U.S. President William McKinley sent several commissions to the. The Visayans (Visayan: Mga Bisaya; local pronunciation: In the same way that the origin of the Japanese language is ambiguous, there is also considerable uncertainty relative to the precise origins of the Japanese people themselves. Significant influences from the horse cultures of Mongolia and Northern Asia, the rice cultures of Korea, China, and Southeast Asia, and Polynesia have all been identified. Consequently, it is difficult to establish a date for the origin of Japanese peoples, but a proto- Japanese must have existed from at least the 3rd century AD, when the various clan- tribes of Japan were consolidated to become a nation by the Yamato Clan, and possibly from a much earlier time, based on Chinese records which indicate the unification of Japan as a nation of tribal communities from several hundred years BC. During the 6th century, AD, elements of Chinese culture flooded into Japan, a result of diplomatic and religious intercourse between the Chinese Han Dynasty, Korea, and the Japanese Yamato rulers. Along with the introduction of Chinese governmental systems, art styles, manufacturing methods, and Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was also adopted, providing the Japanese with the ability to write for the first time. The Kojiki, (Records of Ancient Matters), and the Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan), Japan’s first books, both historical anthologies containing a large number of legends, were written in Chinese characters during this time. Numerous Chinese vocabulary words were also added to Japanese. The influence of the Chinese language on Japanese remains apparent today- approximately 4. Japanese consists of words adapted from Chinese. The serendipity of borrowed vocabulary did not, however, carry over to the borrowed Chinese written system. The Chinese writing system posed problems in terms of accent, syllabic structure and overall divergence of structure of the languages themselves. The Japanese desired the ability to express themselves freely in written form. By the 7th century writers were inserting Chinese characters into the written format of their own language, word order and participle structure. Soon thereafter, Buddhist priests developed a simplified phonetic system for writing shorthand, the foundation for the present- day katakana phonetic script. In the 8th century, women of the Heian Court in Kyoto developed the second phonetic script of Japanese, hiragana, in order to write poetry, novels, and diaries. Still today, both of these phonetic scripts are used in a modernized form, along with Chinese characters, or kanji, to render written Japanese. In general, katakana is used with loan words, onomatopoetic words, terms for flora and fauna, and for italicized words; hiragana is used in children’s writing and to represent function words. With the writing of the Heike Monogatari (Tales of the Heike) in the 1. Chinese characters, kana phonetic script, and Japanese language structure had become completely intertwined. Spoken Japanese evolved in four stages: Old Japanese (to the 8th century), Late Old Japanese (9th- 1. Middle Japanese (1. Modern Japanese (from the 1. Significant changes from ancient to modern times have been the gradual reduction of eight vowel sounds to five as well as phonological, morphological, and vocabulary changes. During the past 7. Capital, Heian Kyo (Kyoto) to Kamakura (near present- day Tokyo) in 1. This coincides with the rise to power of a warrior class which established its power base in the Kanto Region of Eastern Japan. Today the primary dialect of Japanese remains the Tokyo dialect. In the Sengoku (Warring States) Period of the 1. Lapu-Lapu's religion and beliefs are another subject of debate. The inhabitants of the Sulu archipelago believe that Lapu-Lapu was a Muslim of the Taus Our professional language experts include native Japanese speakers experienced in the nuances of the language and the requirements of effective translation. Igorot is the mainstream, collective name of several of the tribes in the Cordilleras (the political name of the area is the Cordilleras Administrative Region or CAR). Portuguese and other Western nations came into contact with Japan, bringing technology, the Christian religion, and their own languages. The Portuguese compiled a Japanese dictionary, and the Japanese borrowed a number of words from Portuguese. One Japanese warrior, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, also brought wooden moveable type from Korea into Japan at the very end this period; during the Tokugawa Period which followed, the printing that was made possible by means of this moveable type greatly expanded the literacy rate of the populace, and increased the stature of the Edo (Tokyo) Dialect as the primary dialect of Japanese. With the rise of Tokugawa Ieyasu as military ruler, or Shogun, in 1. Japan was soon almost completely closed to all outside influence. For the next two hundred and fifty years, Japan remained closed to the outside world. In 1. 86. 8, following the turmoil that resulted within Japan from the visit of American Admiral Perry, Japan’s new Meiji leaders determined to Westernize Japan and to adopt Western technology for the sake of survival and competition. Soon, the vocabulary of English, German, and other western languages was introduced into Japanese. As with the introduction of Chinese centuries before, these words were soon adapted to the pronunciation and writing systems of the Japanese, so that they could more easily be used. Many new Japanese vocabulary terms were also created to express new concepts adopted from the West. Another major development of the Meiji Period was the bridging of the gap that had until then existed between spoken and written Japanese; developments within literature and media both broke conventional barriers, so that for the first time everyday spoken Japanese could be expressed in written form. As Japan’s military became more powerful and as its economy grew, Japan began expanding by conquest into other parts of Asia, including China, Korea, Southeast Asia, and the Philippines. During this period millions within Asia acquired skills in the Japanese language, through either being forced to learn it by means of compulsory Japanese language education, or through mere contact with Japanese troops, businessmen, and their families. Many elderly people in these regions still retain their Japanese language abilities. Moreover, the remnants of the linguistic influence of Japanese may still be seen through the continued use of Japanese vocabulary words in other Asian languages- especially in Korean. Following the devastation of World War II, the military forces which occupied Japan, in order to simplify the written Japanese language which they considered cumbersome, considered abolishing the ancient Chinese characters, or Kanji, in favor of romanized symbols, or romaji, based on the alphabet of Western languages. This never occurred, although Japan’s Education Ministry in 1. Chinese characters, bringing their numbers to a more manageable sum of 1. Since that time, the Japanese government has maintained strict centralized control of the language and how it is taught within the Japanese educational system. Today, the expanding influence of English and of Western culture is having an impact on Japanese language, an impact that is expected to continue. Another influence of current note is the generation gap that exists relative to Japanese language use- today’s younger generation is tending to favor the utilization of more neutral and informal speech, ignoring the importance of the role of honorific and gender- specific speech regarded important in traditional Japanese. Other developments, such as the development of new slang terms and youth- specific grammar usage, are also being observed. There are three major regional dialects within Japan- the Kansai Dialect of the Osaka/Kyoto/Kobe region of Western Japan, the Kyushu Dialect of Japan’s southernmost main island, and the Tokyo Dialect of the Kanto Region (considered the standard dialect), along with numerous smaller dialects found throughout the country. What is sometimes called the . The ever- strengthening role of the media, through television, radio, and the internet, continues to work to homogenize the Japanese language, further reducing the influence of the local dialects in favor of the Tokyo Dialect. Japanese Language Around the World. Outside Japan and the Okinawan islands, Japanese is spoken as a first language by approximately two million people: immigrants to who settled in Brazil (8. Filipino Americans - History, Spanish rule, 1. Countries and Their Cultures. Du- Ha. Filipino Americans. H. Brett Melendy. The Philippine Islands, off the east coast of Asia, are part of the. Pacific Ocean's fiery volcanic rim. The Philippine archipelago. From east to west, its widest dimension is 6. Most islands. large and small, have high mountains, and many are surrounded by. Eleven islands comprise about 9. Philippines, with the two largest, Luzon and Mindanao. The national capital, Quezon City. Manila, are both situated on. Luzon, on which over 2. Cebu has the highest. The. country's total population in 1. Malays are. in the majority; major ethnic minorities are Chinese, Americans, and. Spanish. Eighty- three percent of the population is Roman Catholic, nine. Protestant, and five percent is Muslim. Mindanao has the. Islamic concentration. The climate, both tropical. All of these factors have determined where and how Filipinos. Agriculture, ranging from subsistence farming. Major domestic crops are rice and corn; important export. Manila hemp). (dried coconut meat, from which coconut oil is made), pineapple, sugar. A share tenant system has made most farmers. Among the. earliest immigrants were the Little People, shorter than five feet tall. They may have arrived about 2. In recent decades, they occupied the mountain. Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan, living in isolation and not. A second Indonesian influx occurred about 1. B. C. Both waves of Indonesians settled. Present- day Ilonggo are one result of tribal intermixing. The Bontoks, Igorots, and Tinguians are descendants of the. Malays. Tribes that in time became dominant were the Visayans, Cebunos. Ilocanos. European and American colonists discovered some of these. More peaceful. than earlier arrivals, they were the ancestors of most present- day. Filipino Christians. While considered primitive by Western standards. Malays were in fact far advanced over the earliest immigrants. Descendants of Filipino and Chinese marriages. Their virtual monopoly of the nation's big businesses in. Filipinos, particularly those in urban. Chinese and to engage in occasional hostile. Japanese immigration occurred after 1. Japan. settled first on the island of Mindanao, and they developed several large. Unlike the Chinese and earlier Malay emigrants, the. Japanese remained largely a homogeneous group, rarely intermarrying. At. the outbreak of World War II, Japanese could be found throughout the. Spanish settlement proved transitory during the 4. Spain's colonial occupation. The first contact between Spain and. Philippines occurred in March of 1. Ferdinand. Magellan's fleet reached the island of Samar on its. Magellan claimed the archipelago for Spain. Catholic church, but Spain did not make his claim official until. The country was named the Philippines in the 1. King Philip. II of Spain. The governor, from his first seat of. Cebu, sent expeditions to other islands and imposed Spanish. From the outset, colonial officers exerted forceful and lasting. Americas as their model. It. connected the Spanish empire in Latin America with the Asian market via. Philippines. Manila served as the entreport to the China trade route. The galleon trade provided the. Filipinos to leave the islands as members of. Spanish ships. Endorsing. European ideas of mercantilism and imperialism, Spain's monarchs. Philippines to. enrich themselves. In the course of almost four centuries, Spanish. The church and the. Spanish language were major Spanish cultural institutions imposed upon. Filipinos. By 1. 89. Catholics. Most. young Filipinos, migrating to Hawaii and the mainland before World War II. Catholic backgrounds. Some of the Spanish, who made the islands their home. Filipinos; the descendants of these marriages were known as. By the nineteenth century, mestizos had inherited large areas of. This Filipino upper class found that the lighter their. Europeans and Americans. An early leader, Jose Rizal, who formed. La Liga Filipina. Filipino League), called for social reform. After the Spanish. Rizal, more radical leaders emerged. When Rizal returned to the. Spanish colonial government arrested, tried, and executed him. In 1. 89. 8. Aguinaldo conferred with American officials in Hong Kong and Singapore. He. was led to understand that the Filipinos would become allies with the. United States in a war against Spain, the anticipated outcome of which. Philippine nation. Admiral George Dewey and Consul. General E. Spencer Pratt, with whom Aguinaldo met, later denied that they. In 1. 89. 8, the United States declared war against. Spain, and as a result of the ensuing Spanish- American War, the United. States went to war with the Philippines. The war took more than one. Filipino lives and 6,0. American lives. The Treaty of Paris. February 6, 1. 89. United States an imperial power and. Philippines. After annexation of the Philippines by the United. States, the U. S. Army fought to quell uprisings throughout the islands. On July 4, 1. 90. Army declared. the insurrection to be at an end, even though the Moros, who had become. Spanish rule, continued to fight until 1. President William Mc. Kinley sent several commissions to the. Philippines even as the U. S. Army fought the Filipinos. William Howard. Taft, president of the Philippine Commission, began installing American. September 1, 1. 90. A year later, he became the first. Philippines. Between 1. American. officials, controlling executive, legislative, and judicial offices. An elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly, soon participated. Both the judicial system and the civil service. American counterparts, replaced the Spanish system. Religious freedom was. Catholic church as the state. Most of. the provincial colleges remained under Catholic control with a curriculum. A major cause of. Filipino unrest under Spanish imperialism was church- controlled Friar. To ease this crisis, the United States bought about 4. Catholic church. This land was then sold, mostly to former. From the outset of American rule. Nacionalista. party called for immediate independence. From 1. 90. 7 on, the. Nacionalistas. gained and held control of elective offices in villages, provinces, and. Philippine Assembly. A small number of wealthy party members, drawn. Nacionalista. party. Early major political leaders were Sergio Osmena and Manuel. Quezon. By 1. 91. Most immigrants to the United States and the. Territory of Hawaii were. Nacionalistas. President Woodrow Wilson, committed to making the. Philippines an independent nation, supported passage of the Jones Act. Philippines would be free as soon as a stable. The act provided that during a transitional. American appointed. Filipinos elected members to the Assembly and to. Senate. The Jones Act helped Osmena's and. Quezon's political machine entrench itself. In 1. 92. 1, with the. Republican administration in the United States, independence. Republican governor- generals insisted. American. farmers wanted an end to free trade of commodities from the islands while. Filipino immigration. These two political. Philippine independence. It. then overrode President Herbert Hoover's veto, and the bill became. The new law provided that American goods would be imported into the. Philippine goods exported to the United States. During. this period, Filipino immigration would be limited to an annual quota of. United States immigration laws would apply. The Philippine. national legislature had to approve the act, but in October 1. Quezon- led forces rejected the proposal, which had the backing of Osmena. Manuel Roxas adherents. Quezon then led a delegation to Washington to. American president, Franklin Roosevelt. At the end of the ten- year transition period. United States was to withdraw its forces from all military and naval. The. Tydings- Mc. Duffie Act, signed into law on March 2. Commonwealth of the. Philippines. The Philippine legislature approved this act on May 1, 1. Filipino people approved a constitution. With their inauguration on November 1. Commonwealth. of the Philippines came into being, although many Filipinos were. While independence. American markets. Many felt that, in. Philippine products could be. The Quezon government fled, first to. Australia with General Douglas Mac. Arthur and then to the United States. Quezon continued to serve as the commonwealth's president. President Harry Truman proclaimed the independence of the. Philippines on July 4, 1. Manual Roxas was elected the first president. Republic of the Philippines. However, the Philippine. Filipino immigrants came to the United States in the early 1. With the. growing threat of communism, the United States continued to maintain air. Communistdominated Huks soon confronted Roxas' government. Huks is a. shortened term for Hukbon Magpapalaya ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon, or. People's Anti- Japanese Liberation Army. Since independence in 1. Philippines. are marked by many deaths. Under the leadership of Ramon Magsaysay, who. Elpidio Quirino, the republic by 1. Far East, one that the United States. Asian countries. When several groups. Moros continued to fight for their. Marcos, declaring martial law in September of 1. This state of affairs lasted fourteen years. Early in. 1. 97. 3, Marcos proclaimed a new constitution, naming himself as president. In the face of growing political repression. Marcos's political opponents found it expedient to leave. Marcos lifted the decree of martial. Aquino Jr., a leading rival. Marcos, political unrest and violence became commonplace until 1. Marcos fled the country, and Corazon Aquino, Benigno Aquino's. The end of the Marcos era did not bring. Additionally, widespread poverty and communism have posed. Aquino's presidency in 1. Under. presidents Fidel Ramos and Joseph Estrada the communist rebellion and the. Muslim rebellion have been severely weakened and the Philippines has made. The earliest, from 1. American universities and colleges and then. Philippines. Also during this time, plantation workers. Hawaii. from 1. 90. Pacific Coast during the 1. Tydings- Mc. Duffie Act in 1. A much smaller influx to. American shores occurred following World War II. Lapu- Lapu - Wikipedia. Lapu- Lapu (fl. 1. Mactan in Visayas. Modern Philippine society regards him as the first Filipino hero because he was the first native to resist Spanish colonization. He is best known for the Battle of Mactan that happened at dawn on April 2. Ferdinand Magellan. The battle ended up in the killing of Magellan. Monuments to Lapu- Lapu have been built in Manila and Cebu while the Philippine National Police and the Bureau of Fire Protection use his image. Besides being a rival of Rajah Humabon of Cebu, little is known about the life of Lapu- Lapu. The only existing documents about his life are those written by Antonio Pigafetta. His name, origins, religion, and fate are still a matter of controversy. Lapu- Lapu is also known under the names . The earliest record of his name comes from Italian diarist Antonio Pigafetta who accompanied Magellan's expedition. Pigafetta notes the names of two chiefs of the island of . Despite common misconception, it is not derived from the Islamic title Khal. Like the cognate Si, it was derived from the Sanskrit title Sri Paduka, denoting . The title is still used today in Malaysia as Seri Paduka. One oral tradition is that the Sugbuanons of Opong was once ruled by datu named Mangal and later succeeded by his son named Lapu- lapu. This was compiled and written in Baybayin in the book Aginid, Bayok sa Atong Tawarik (. The chronicle records the founding of the Rajahnate of Cebu by a certain Sri Lumay (also known as Rajamuda Lumaya), who was a prince from the Hindu Chola dynasty of Sumatra. His sons, Sri Alho and Sri Ukob, ruled the neighboring communities of Sialo and Nahalin, respectively. The islands they were in were collectively known as Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya (literally . Sri Lumay was noted for his strict policies in defending against Moro raiders and slavers from Mindanao. His use of scorched earth tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbo (literally . Sri Bantug died of an epidemic and was succeeded by his son Rajah Humabon (also known as Sri Humabon or Rajah Humabara). The harbors of Sugbo became known colloquially as sinibuayng hingpit (. He asked Humabon for a place to settle, and the king offered him the region of Mandawili (now Mandaue), including the island known as Opong (or Opon), hoping that Lapu- Lapu's people would cultivate the land. They were successful in this, and the influx of farm produce from Mandawili enriched the trade port of Sugbo further. He began raiding merchant ships passing the island of Opong, affecting trade in Sugbo. The island thus earned the name Mangatang (. When Portugueseconquistador. Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in the service of Spain, Zula was one of those who gave tribute to the Spanish king while Lapu- Lapu refused. They arrived in Mactan three hours before dawn. However, because of the presence of rock outcroppings and coral reefs, Magellan's ships could not land on the shores of Mactan. Their ships were forced to anchor . According to Antonio Pigafetta, they faced around 1,5. Lapu- Lapu armed with iron swords. At the taunting request of Lapu- Lapu, the battle did not begin until morning. Magellan, perhaps hoping to impress Humabon's warriors with the superiority of European armor and weapons, told Humabon's warriors to remain in their balangay. Magellan and forty- nine of the heavily armored Spaniards (armed with lances, swords, crossbows, and muskets) waded ashore to meet Lapu- Lapu's forces. They set fire to a few houses on the shore in an attempt to scare them. Instead, Lapu- Lapu's warriors became infuriated and charged. Two Spaniards were killed immediately in the fighting, and Magellan was wounded in the leg with a poisoned arrow. He ordered a retreat, which most of his men followed except for a few who remained to protect him. However, he was recognized as the captain by the natives, whereupon he became the focus of the attack. Outnumbered and encumbered by their armor, Magellan's forces were quickly overwhelmed. Magellan and several of his men were killed, and the rest escaped to the waiting ships. Magellan assumed that ancient Filipino society was structured in the same way as European society (i. While this may have been true in the Islamicsultanates in Mindanao, the Visayan societies were structured along a loose federation of city- states (more accurately, a chiefdom). The most powerful datu in such a federation has limited power over other member datu, but no direct control over the subjects or lands of the other datu. But the island of Mactan, the dominion of Lapu- Lapu and Zula, was in a location that enabled them to intercept trade ships entering the harbor of Cebu, Humabon's domain. Thus it was more likely that Lapu- Lapu was actually more powerful than Humabon, or at least was the undisputed ruler of Mactan. Humabon was married to Lapu- Lapu's niece. When Magellan demanded that Lapu- Lapu submit as his . However, the men of Humabon who accompanied Magellan did not engage in battle with Lapu- Lapu, though they helped with recovering the wounded Spaniards. Humabon later poisoned and killed twenty- seven Spanish sailors during a feast. According to the Aginid, this was because they had started raping the local women. It was also possibly to aid Magellan's Malayslave interpreter, Enrique of Malacca, in gaining his freedom. The Spanish were refusing to release him, even though Magellan explicitly willed that he be set free upon his death. The remaining ships - . From there, the expedition split into two groups. The Trinidad, commanded by Gonzalo G. Disease and shipwreck disrupted Espinoza's voyage and most of the crew died. Survivors of the Trinidad returned to the Spice Islands, where the Portuguese imprisoned them. The Victoria continued sailing westward, commanded by Juan Sebasti. In 1. 52. 9, Charles I of Spain relinquished all claim over the Spice Islands to Portugal in the treaty of Zaragoza. However, the treaty did not stop the colonization of the Philippine archipelago from New Spain. Lapu- Lapu later decided to return to Borneo with eleven of his children, three of his wives, and seventeen of his men. Nothing more is known of him after this. Five expeditions were sent: Loaisa (1. Cabot (1. 52. 6), Saavedra (1. Villalobos (1. 54. Legazpi (1. 56. 4). The inhabitants of the Sulu archipelago believe that Lapu- Lapu was a Muslim of the Taus. He also records the consumption of pork, dog meat, and palm wine (arak) by the Cebuanos. There is no mention of Islam. Had they been Moros, we would have erected a column there as a token of greater hardness, for the Moros are much harder to convert than the heathen.— Antonio Pigafetta, Primo viaggio intorno al mondo, c. Indeed, the Visayans were noted for their resistance to conversion to Islam in the epic poem Diyandi of the Aginid chronicle. The name of the capital city of the island (Sugbo, . They referred to the raiders as Magalos (. A large statue of him, donated by South Korea, stands in the middle of Agrifina Circle in Rizal Park in Manila, replacing a fountain and rollerskating rink. Lapu- Lapu appears on the official seal of the Philippine National Police. Fishermen in the island city would throw coins at a stone shaped like a man as a way of asking for permission to fish in the monarch’s territory. The statue faced the old city hall, where mayors used to hold office; Lapu- Lapu was shown with a crossbow in the stance of shooting an enemy. Superstitious citizens proposed to replace this crossbow with a sword, after three consecutive mayors of the city each died of heart attack. It is actually made of fire- hardened rattan, which superficially resembles bamboo, and is usually tipped with metal heads.^Cognates include the modern Cebuano words sugba (. A general collection of the best and most interesting voyages and travels in all parts of the world: many of which are now first translated into English; digested on a new plan. Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. Sucesos de las islas Filipinas por el doctor Antonio de Morga, obra publicada en M. Barangay: sixteenth- century Philippine culture and society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. Independence Documents of the World, Vol. The Philippines in the 6th to 1. Centuries. Provincial Government of Bulacan, Philippines. Retrieved July 9, 2. This legendary successor to Mangal was Lapu- lapu. There had been many versions, even myths surrounding Lapu- lapu’s origin. Pauls, 2. 01. 6), 6. Donald F. Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery. University of Chicago Press. Magellan’s Voyage Around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts. Northwestern University Press. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. Inc., Quezon City, ISBN 9. Zaide, Gregorio F. The Old Muslim's Opinions: A Year of Filipino Newspaper Columns. Retrieved December 2. Islam on the Move: The Tablighi Jama'at in Southeast Asia. Amsterdam University Press. Census of the Philippine Islands, Volume I: Geography, History, and Population. Washington, D. C.: United States Bureau of the Census. In Emma Helen Blair & James Alexander Robertson. The Philippine Islands, 1. Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Shamanism, Catholicism, and Gender Relations in Colonial Philippines, 1. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. This legendary successor to Mangal was Lapu- lapu. There had been many versions, even myths surrounding Lapu- lapu’s origin. One account tells that many years before Magellan’s arrival, a man called Dimantag traveling from Borneo reached to shores of Sibu. He asked Rajah Humabon for a place to settle. The wanderer was given the nearby Opong island, though Dimantag primarily preferred to settle in Mandawili (modern- day Mandaue). Ages passed, Dimantag rose to power in Opong and became known by Sibuanons as Sri Lapu- lapu (Cilapulapu by the Spaniards). Download Ebook Gratis Komunitas pencinta ebook indonesia, Ulasan ebook gratis, download ebook gratis langsung tanpa bayar tanpa daftar. Goodbye Ubuntu's Unity, I Will Miss You. Unity is going away and GNOME is coming back. Canonical decided to drop Unity in favor of GNOME, which is probably not the. DOWNLOAD EBOOK NOVEL GRATIS. 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Alarm ...... 6. 7 File Manager .... Getting to know your phone Device components 3. Headset Jack Earpiece Lets you hear the caller and automated prompts. Home Screen Displays phone status icons, Send Key menu items, web items, Touch this key in standby web information, pictures mode to quickly access the and more in full color. Volume Keys Power/Lock Key . Hold the Volume Down Key to . With the other hand, lift the back cover using the fingertip cutout located at the bottom. Remove the battery Use the fingertip cutout at the bottom of the battery compartment to lift the battery out. Getting to know your phone WARNING Do not remove the battery when the phone is switched on, as this may damage the phone. Install the SIM card Slide the SIM card into the SIM card slot. Make sure that the gold contact area on the card is facing downward. Install the battery Insert the top of the battery first into the top edge of the battery compartment. Ensure that the battery contacts align with the terminals on the phone. Press the bottom of the battery down until it clicks into place. Install the back cover Align the back cover over the battery compartment and press it down until it clicks into place. Getting to know your phone Charging your phone Locate the Charger/USB Port at the bottom of your phone. Insert the charger connector to the phone (ensure that the USB icon on the connector is facing up) and then plug the other end into the wall socket. Your phone will need to be charged until you receive a . WARNING Use of unauthorized accessories could damage your phone and void your warranty. Installing a memory card You can expand the available memory space on your phone by using a micro. SD. Replace the back cover. NOTE: If your memory card has existing content it will automatically be filed in the correct folder. For example, videos will be accessible from the Videos folder. If your memory card has protected content (i. Icon Description Network signal strength (number of bars will vary) No network signal Battery empty New text message New email An alarm is set Ring profile in use Silent profile in use Calendar event with Alarm is set.. Getting to know your phone Icon Description Ring and Vibration mode Speakerphone Call in Progress Voicemail Battery Full Battery Charging Airplane Mode Wi- Fi is connected.. Connecting to Networks and Devices With Wi- Fi, you can use high- speed Internet access within the coverage of the wireless access point (AP). Enjoy wireless Internet using Wi- Fi, without extra charges. From the Home screen, touch , then swipe the screen to the left and touch 2. Connecting to Networks and Devices Connecting to Bluetooth Devices To turn Bluetooth on or off 1. From the Home screen, touch , then swipe the screen to the left and touch . Drag to the right or left to turn the function on or off. Pairing with a Bluetooth device 1. General Functions Making a Call 1. Make sure your phone is powered on. Touch and enter a phone number using the dial pad. To edit a number, simply touch to erase one digit at a time. You can dial a number by simply selecting a name in the Contacts List and touching the Send Key Answering a Call When you receive a call, the phone rings and the phone icon appears on.. Setting Profiles Press either of the Volume Keys to set a sound profile. You can adjust the ringtone volume from the Ringtone section and set your ringtone profile to Ring, Vibrate All, or Silent All. Profiles Vibration Mode (Quick) Vibration Mode can be activated by touching and holding on the dial pad. General Functions Signal Strength If you are inside a building, being near a window may give you better reception. You can see the strength of your signal by the signal indicator on your phone’s display screen. Entering Text You can enter alphanumeric characters by using the phone’s touch pad. The following text input modes are available on the phone. Using the T9 Predictive Text Input Mode The T9 predictive text input mode allows you to enter words easily with a minimum number of key presses. As you touch each key, the phone begins to display the characters that it thinks you are typing based on a built- in dictionary. General Functions To delete letters, touch . Touch and hold to erase the entire text entry. NOTE: Touching the End Key will save your unsaved message in the Drafts folder. Using the ABC Mode Use the touch pad keys to enter your text. Available characters using Keypad Characters in order displayed Upper Case Lower Case . My Dictionary can be selected and selecting Text Entry Settings. Within the My by touching Dictionary function, the user can add, modify, delete or reset personal words. Prepaid For prepaid services, this menu provides shortcut access to the following items among others: Add Airtime Allows you to add airtime. From the Home screen, touch > 2. Enter airtime PIN and touch 3. Read the displayed message, then select Yes or No. Buy Airtime You can choose 4 types of Airtime. Prepaid Serial Number Serial Number simply displays the information of your phone’s IMEI. SIM Number This menu simply displays the information of your phone’s Sim Number. In- Call Menu Your phone provides a number of control functions that you can use during a call. To access these functions during a call, touch During a Call Making a Second Call You can select a number you wish to dial, to make a second call. Touch , enter the second phone number and touch Dialpad.. In- Call Menu Rejecting an Incoming Call You can reject an incoming call without answering by simply touching the End Key or touching Muting the Microphone You can mute the microphone during a call by touching . The handset can be unmuted by touching again. Your Home Screen From the Home screen, you can access all menu options, make a quick call and view the status of your phone - as well as many other things. Touch to bring up the dial pad to make a call. Enter the number and touch touch the Send Key Touch to open your contacts and search for the number you want to call. Home Screen Your phone provides five Home screen panels. To view the Home screen panels, just swipe the screen from left to right and vice versa. Widget You can use Widgets and even add them to your Home screen for a personalized feel. Your Home Screen Favorite Contacts Allows you to easily contact your friends and family by displaying your favorite contacts on the Home screen. Touch at the bottom right corner of the Home screen, then touch the Contact button. Touch the contacts you want to add, then touch to register your favorite contacts. Touch to finish editing the Contacts on this screen. Touch to call, to send a message and to edit contact information. Your Home Screen 2. Touch next to the desired shortcut to add it to the Home screen. Touch to finish editing the shortcuts on this screen. Contacts From the Home screen, touch to open your Contacts list. Contact List This menu allows you to save and manage contact information. You can add a new address or search saved contacts by name. To search for a contact, touch and enter the contact’s name. Contacts 1. From the Home screen, touch and touch Add New. Touch to set a Picture ID for a contact by using a saved picture or taking a new picture. Choose from No Picture, Pictures or Take New Picture. After you take a new picture, touch to set it as the Contact Picture ID. Touch New Group to create a new group. Or touch an existing group, then touch Add Member to add contacts to that group. Speed Dial You can assign a frequently- called contact to a speed dial list. You can select a number from 2 to 9 as a speed dial. Contacts SIM Management This menu allows you to copy contacts from your SIM card to your handset. If a name is duplicated during the copying operation, the information is also duplicated. You can also copy entries from the SIM card to the phone memory and vice versa (not all the data will be copied). Messages This section includes functions related to text (SMS, Short Message Service) and multimedia (MMS, Multimedia Message Service) messages, Voicemail as well as the network’s service messages. From the Home screen, touch 2. Touch Editing a message The following options are available when editing a message. Messages Record New Audio: Allows you to record a new audio clip. General mode will record as long as memory is available. Inbox: All the messages you receive are placed into your Inbox. They will be stored in the Inbox. Each message can be identified by icons. Touch for the options below. Delete: Allows you to delete messages. Move to SIM/Phone: Allows you to move the message to the SIM card . Message Details: You can view information about received messages; . Touch to use the options below. Delete: Deletes the selected message. 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