Japanese - Language Information & Resources. Our professional language experts include native Japanese speakers experienced in the nuances of the language and the requirements of effective translation. Click here. If you prefer to first learn more about the Japanese language and its various dialects, keep reading. Japanese Language. Japanese ranks as one of the world’s most important languages with over 1. Of these, the vast majority, about 1. Japan and the island group of Okinawa. Millions of additional near- native or otherwise fluent speakers of Japanese reside within Korea, China, or other parts of Asia. Many of these people acquired Japanese during Japan’s military operations both before and after World War II. There has been a great surge of interest in the study of Japanese as a second language throughout the past 3. ![]() Western world’s fascination with Japanese culture, as well as to Japan’s status as a world economic power. History of Japanese Language The origin of Japanese is in considerable dispute among scholars. Evidence has been offered for a number of sources: Ural- Altaic, Polynesian, and Chinese among others. Of these, Japanese is most widely believed to be connected to the Ural- Altaic family, which includes Turkish, Mongolian, Manchu, and Korean within its domain. Among these languages, Korean is most frequently compared to Japanese, as both languages share significant key features such as general structure, vowel harmony, lack of conjunctions, and the extensive use of honorific speech, in which the hierarchical rank of the listener heavily affects the discourse. However, pronunciation of Japanese is significantly different from Korean, and the languages are mutually unintelligible. Japanese also shares considerable similarities with the languages of the Ryukyu Islands, within which Okinawa is located, although the Ryukyu languages and Japanese are also mutually unintelligible. Filipino Americans - History, Spanish rule, 1565-1898 Du-Ha. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD, 1898-1946 U.S. President William McKinley sent several commissions to the. The Visayans (Visayan: Mga Bisaya; local pronunciation: In the same way that the origin of the Japanese language is ambiguous, there is also considerable uncertainty relative to the precise origins of the Japanese people themselves. Significant influences from the horse cultures of Mongolia and Northern Asia, the rice cultures of Korea, China, and Southeast Asia, and Polynesia have all been identified. Consequently, it is difficult to establish a date for the origin of Japanese peoples, but a proto- Japanese must have existed from at least the 3rd century AD, when the various clan- tribes of Japan were consolidated to become a nation by the Yamato Clan, and possibly from a much earlier time, based on Chinese records which indicate the unification of Japan as a nation of tribal communities from several hundred years BC. During the 6th century, AD, elements of Chinese culture flooded into Japan, a result of diplomatic and religious intercourse between the Chinese Han Dynasty, Korea, and the Japanese Yamato rulers. Along with the introduction of Chinese governmental systems, art styles, manufacturing methods, and Buddhism, the Chinese writing system was also adopted, providing the Japanese with the ability to write for the first time. The Kojiki, (Records of Ancient Matters), and the Nihon Shoki (Chronicles of Japan), Japan’s first books, both historical anthologies containing a large number of legends, were written in Chinese characters during this time. Numerous Chinese vocabulary words were also added to Japanese. ![]() The influence of the Chinese language on Japanese remains apparent today- approximately 4. Japanese consists of words adapted from Chinese. The serendipity of borrowed vocabulary did not, however, carry over to the borrowed Chinese written system. The Chinese writing system posed problems in terms of accent, syllabic structure and overall divergence of structure of the languages themselves. The Japanese desired the ability to express themselves freely in written form. By the 7th century writers were inserting Chinese characters into the written format of their own language, word order and participle structure. Soon thereafter, Buddhist priests developed a simplified phonetic system for writing shorthand, the foundation for the present- day katakana phonetic script. In the 8th century, women of the Heian Court in Kyoto developed the second phonetic script of Japanese, hiragana, in order to write poetry, novels, and diaries. Still today, both of these phonetic scripts are used in a modernized form, along with Chinese characters, or kanji, to render written Japanese. In general, katakana is used with loan words, onomatopoetic words, terms for flora and fauna, and for italicized words; hiragana is used in children’s writing and to represent function words. With the writing of the Heike Monogatari (Tales of the Heike) in the 1. Chinese characters, kana phonetic script, and Japanese language structure had become completely intertwined. Spoken Japanese evolved in four stages: Old Japanese (to the 8th century), Late Old Japanese (9th- 1. Middle Japanese (1. Modern Japanese (from the 1. Significant changes from ancient to modern times have been the gradual reduction of eight vowel sounds to five as well as phonological, morphological, and vocabulary changes. During the past 7. Capital, Heian Kyo (Kyoto) to Kamakura (near present- day Tokyo) in 1. This coincides with the rise to power of a warrior class which established its power base in the Kanto Region of Eastern Japan. Today the primary dialect of Japanese remains the Tokyo dialect. In the Sengoku (Warring States) Period of the 1. ![]() ![]() Lapu-Lapu's religion and beliefs are another subject of debate. The inhabitants of the Sulu archipelago believe that Lapu-Lapu was a Muslim of the Taus Our professional language experts include native Japanese speakers experienced in the nuances of the language and the requirements of effective translation. Igorot is the mainstream, collective name of several of the tribes in the Cordilleras (the political name of the area is the Cordilleras Administrative Region or CAR). Portuguese and other Western nations came into contact with Japan, bringing technology, the Christian religion, and their own languages. The Portuguese compiled a Japanese dictionary, and the Japanese borrowed a number of words from Portuguese. One Japanese warrior, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, also brought wooden moveable type from Korea into Japan at the very end this period; during the Tokugawa Period which followed, the printing that was made possible by means of this moveable type greatly expanded the literacy rate of the populace, and increased the stature of the Edo (Tokyo) Dialect as the primary dialect of Japanese. With the rise of Tokugawa Ieyasu as military ruler, or Shogun, in 1. Japan was soon almost completely closed to all outside influence. For the next two hundred and fifty years, Japan remained closed to the outside world. In 1. 86. 8, following the turmoil that resulted within Japan from the visit of American Admiral Perry, Japan’s new Meiji leaders determined to Westernize Japan and to adopt Western technology for the sake of survival and competition. Soon, the vocabulary of English, German, and other western languages was introduced into Japanese. As with the introduction of Chinese centuries before, these words were soon adapted to the pronunciation and writing systems of the Japanese, so that they could more easily be used. Many new Japanese vocabulary terms were also created to express new concepts adopted from the West. Another major development of the Meiji Period was the bridging of the gap that had until then existed between spoken and written Japanese; developments within literature and media both broke conventional barriers, so that for the first time everyday spoken Japanese could be expressed in written form. As Japan’s military became more powerful and as its economy grew, Japan began expanding by conquest into other parts of Asia, including China, Korea, Southeast Asia, and the Philippines. During this period millions within Asia acquired skills in the Japanese language, through either being forced to learn it by means of compulsory Japanese language education, or through mere contact with Japanese troops, businessmen, and their families. Many elderly people in these regions still retain their Japanese language abilities. Moreover, the remnants of the linguistic influence of Japanese may still be seen through the continued use of Japanese vocabulary words in other Asian languages- especially in Korean. Following the devastation of World War II, the military forces which occupied Japan, in order to simplify the written Japanese language which they considered cumbersome, considered abolishing the ancient Chinese characters, or Kanji, in favor of romanized symbols, or romaji, based on the alphabet of Western languages. This never occurred, although Japan’s Education Ministry in 1. Chinese characters, bringing their numbers to a more manageable sum of 1. Since that time, the Japanese government has maintained strict centralized control of the language and how it is taught within the Japanese educational system. Today, the expanding influence of English and of Western culture is having an impact on Japanese language, an impact that is expected to continue. Another influence of current note is the generation gap that exists relative to Japanese language use- today’s younger generation is tending to favor the utilization of more neutral and informal speech, ignoring the importance of the role of honorific and gender- specific speech regarded important in traditional Japanese. Other developments, such as the development of new slang terms and youth- specific grammar usage, are also being observed. There are three major regional dialects within Japan- the Kansai Dialect of the Osaka/Kyoto/Kobe region of Western Japan, the Kyushu Dialect of Japan’s southernmost main island, and the Tokyo Dialect of the Kanto Region (considered the standard dialect), along with numerous smaller dialects found throughout the country. What is sometimes called the . The ever- strengthening role of the media, through television, radio, and the internet, continues to work to homogenize the Japanese language, further reducing the influence of the local dialects in favor of the Tokyo Dialect. Japanese Language Around the World. Outside Japan and the Okinawan islands, Japanese is spoken as a first language by approximately two million people: immigrants to who settled in Brazil (8. Filipino Americans - History, Spanish rule, 1. Countries and Their Cultures. Du- Ha. Filipino Americans. H. Brett Melendy. The Philippine Islands, off the east coast of Asia, are part of the. Pacific Ocean's fiery volcanic rim. The Philippine archipelago. From east to west, its widest dimension is 6. Most islands. large and small, have high mountains, and many are surrounded by. Eleven islands comprise about 9. Philippines, with the two largest, Luzon and Mindanao. The national capital, Quezon City. Manila, are both situated on. Luzon, on which over 2. Cebu has the highest. The. country's total population in 1. Malays are. in the majority; major ethnic minorities are Chinese, Americans, and. Spanish. Eighty- three percent of the population is Roman Catholic, nine. Protestant, and five percent is Muslim. Mindanao has the. Islamic concentration. The climate, both tropical. All of these factors have determined where and how Filipinos. Agriculture, ranging from subsistence farming. Major domestic crops are rice and corn; important export. Manila hemp). (dried coconut meat, from which coconut oil is made), pineapple, sugar. A share tenant system has made most farmers. Among the. earliest immigrants were the Little People, shorter than five feet tall. They may have arrived about 2. In recent decades, they occupied the mountain. Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan, living in isolation and not. A second Indonesian influx occurred about 1. B. C. Both waves of Indonesians settled. Present- day Ilonggo are one result of tribal intermixing. The Bontoks, Igorots, and Tinguians are descendants of the. Malays. Tribes that in time became dominant were the Visayans, Cebunos. Ilocanos. European and American colonists discovered some of these. More peaceful. than earlier arrivals, they were the ancestors of most present- day. Filipino Christians. While considered primitive by Western standards. Malays were in fact far advanced over the earliest immigrants. Descendants of Filipino and Chinese marriages. Their virtual monopoly of the nation's big businesses in. Filipinos, particularly those in urban. Chinese and to engage in occasional hostile. Japanese immigration occurred after 1. Japan. settled first on the island of Mindanao, and they developed several large. Unlike the Chinese and earlier Malay emigrants, the. Japanese remained largely a homogeneous group, rarely intermarrying. At. the outbreak of World War II, Japanese could be found throughout the. Spanish settlement proved transitory during the 4. Spain's colonial occupation. The first contact between Spain and. Philippines occurred in March of 1. Ferdinand. Magellan's fleet reached the island of Samar on its. Magellan claimed the archipelago for Spain. Catholic church, but Spain did not make his claim official until. The country was named the Philippines in the 1. King Philip. II of Spain. The governor, from his first seat of. Cebu, sent expeditions to other islands and imposed Spanish. From the outset, colonial officers exerted forceful and lasting. Americas as their model. It. connected the Spanish empire in Latin America with the Asian market via. Philippines. Manila served as the entreport to the China trade route. The galleon trade provided the. Filipinos to leave the islands as members of. Spanish ships. Endorsing. European ideas of mercantilism and imperialism, Spain's monarchs. Philippines to. enrich themselves. In the course of almost four centuries, Spanish. The church and the. Spanish language were major Spanish cultural institutions imposed upon. Filipinos. By 1. 89. Catholics. Most. young Filipinos, migrating to Hawaii and the mainland before World War II. Catholic backgrounds. Some of the Spanish, who made the islands their home. Filipinos; the descendants of these marriages were known as. By the nineteenth century, mestizos had inherited large areas of. This Filipino upper class found that the lighter their. Europeans and Americans. An early leader, Jose Rizal, who formed. La Liga Filipina. Filipino League), called for social reform. After the Spanish. Rizal, more radical leaders emerged. When Rizal returned to the. Spanish colonial government arrested, tried, and executed him. In 1. 89. 8. Aguinaldo conferred with American officials in Hong Kong and Singapore. He. was led to understand that the Filipinos would become allies with the. United States in a war against Spain, the anticipated outcome of which. Philippine nation. Admiral George Dewey and Consul. General E. Spencer Pratt, with whom Aguinaldo met, later denied that they. In 1. 89. 8, the United States declared war against. Spain, and as a result of the ensuing Spanish- American War, the United. States went to war with the Philippines. The war took more than one. Filipino lives and 6,0. American lives. The Treaty of Paris. February 6, 1. 89. United States an imperial power and. Philippines. After annexation of the Philippines by the United. States, the U. S. Army fought to quell uprisings throughout the islands. On July 4, 1. 90. Army declared. the insurrection to be at an end, even though the Moros, who had become. Spanish rule, continued to fight until 1. President William Mc. Kinley sent several commissions to the. Philippines even as the U. S. Army fought the Filipinos. William Howard. Taft, president of the Philippine Commission, began installing American. September 1, 1. 90. A year later, he became the first. Philippines. Between 1. American. officials, controlling executive, legislative, and judicial offices. An elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly, soon participated. Both the judicial system and the civil service. American counterparts, replaced the Spanish system. Religious freedom was. Catholic church as the state. Most of. the provincial colleges remained under Catholic control with a curriculum. A major cause of. Filipino unrest under Spanish imperialism was church- controlled Friar. To ease this crisis, the United States bought about 4. Catholic church. This land was then sold, mostly to former. From the outset of American rule. Nacionalista. party called for immediate independence. From 1. 90. 7 on, the. Nacionalistas. gained and held control of elective offices in villages, provinces, and. Philippine Assembly. A small number of wealthy party members, drawn. Nacionalista. party. Early major political leaders were Sergio Osmena and Manuel. Quezon. By 1. 91. Most immigrants to the United States and the. Territory of Hawaii were. Nacionalistas. President Woodrow Wilson, committed to making the. Philippines an independent nation, supported passage of the Jones Act. Philippines would be free as soon as a stable. The act provided that during a transitional. American appointed. Filipinos elected members to the Assembly and to. Senate. The Jones Act helped Osmena's and. Quezon's political machine entrench itself. In 1. 92. 1, with the. Republican administration in the United States, independence. Republican governor- generals insisted. American. farmers wanted an end to free trade of commodities from the islands while. Filipino immigration. These two political. Philippine independence. It. then overrode President Herbert Hoover's veto, and the bill became. The new law provided that American goods would be imported into the. Philippine goods exported to the United States. During. this period, Filipino immigration would be limited to an annual quota of. United States immigration laws would apply. The Philippine. national legislature had to approve the act, but in October 1. Quezon- led forces rejected the proposal, which had the backing of Osmena. Manuel Roxas adherents. Quezon then led a delegation to Washington to. American president, Franklin Roosevelt. At the end of the ten- year transition period. United States was to withdraw its forces from all military and naval. The. Tydings- Mc. Duffie Act, signed into law on March 2. Commonwealth of the. Philippines. The Philippine legislature approved this act on May 1, 1. Filipino people approved a constitution. With their inauguration on November 1. Commonwealth. of the Philippines came into being, although many Filipinos were. While independence. American markets. Many felt that, in. Philippine products could be. The Quezon government fled, first to. Australia with General Douglas Mac. Arthur and then to the United States. Quezon continued to serve as the commonwealth's president. President Harry Truman proclaimed the independence of the. Philippines on July 4, 1. Manual Roxas was elected the first president. Republic of the Philippines. However, the Philippine. Filipino immigrants came to the United States in the early 1. With the. growing threat of communism, the United States continued to maintain air. Communistdominated Huks soon confronted Roxas' government. Huks is a. shortened term for Hukbon Magpapalaya ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon, or. People's Anti- Japanese Liberation Army. Since independence in 1. Philippines. are marked by many deaths. Under the leadership of Ramon Magsaysay, who. Elpidio Quirino, the republic by 1. Far East, one that the United States. Asian countries. When several groups. Moros continued to fight for their. Marcos, declaring martial law in September of 1. This state of affairs lasted fourteen years. Early in. 1. 97. 3, Marcos proclaimed a new constitution, naming himself as president. In the face of growing political repression. Marcos's political opponents found it expedient to leave. Marcos lifted the decree of martial. Aquino Jr., a leading rival. Marcos, political unrest and violence became commonplace until 1. Marcos fled the country, and Corazon Aquino, Benigno Aquino's. The end of the Marcos era did not bring. Additionally, widespread poverty and communism have posed. Aquino's presidency in 1. Under. presidents Fidel Ramos and Joseph Estrada the communist rebellion and the. Muslim rebellion have been severely weakened and the Philippines has made. The earliest, from 1. American universities and colleges and then. Philippines. Also during this time, plantation workers. Hawaii. from 1. 90. Pacific Coast during the 1. Tydings- Mc. Duffie Act in 1. A much smaller influx to. American shores occurred following World War II. Lapu- Lapu - Wikipedia. Lapu- Lapu (fl. 1. Mactan in Visayas. Modern Philippine society regards him as the first Filipino hero because he was the first native to resist Spanish colonization. He is best known for the Battle of Mactan that happened at dawn on April 2. Ferdinand Magellan. The battle ended up in the killing of Magellan. Monuments to Lapu- Lapu have been built in Manila and Cebu while the Philippine National Police and the Bureau of Fire Protection use his image. Besides being a rival of Rajah Humabon of Cebu, little is known about the life of Lapu- Lapu. The only existing documents about his life are those written by Antonio Pigafetta. His name, origins, religion, and fate are still a matter of controversy. Lapu- Lapu is also known under the names . The earliest record of his name comes from Italian diarist Antonio Pigafetta who accompanied Magellan's expedition. Pigafetta notes the names of two chiefs of the island of . Despite common misconception, it is not derived from the Islamic title Khal. Like the cognate Si, it was derived from the Sanskrit title Sri Paduka, denoting . The title is still used today in Malaysia as Seri Paduka. One oral tradition is that the Sugbuanons of Opong was once ruled by datu named Mangal and later succeeded by his son named Lapu- lapu. This was compiled and written in Baybayin in the book Aginid, Bayok sa Atong Tawarik (. The chronicle records the founding of the Rajahnate of Cebu by a certain Sri Lumay (also known as Rajamuda Lumaya), who was a prince from the Hindu Chola dynasty of Sumatra. His sons, Sri Alho and Sri Ukob, ruled the neighboring communities of Sialo and Nahalin, respectively. The islands they were in were collectively known as Pulua Kang Dayang or Kangdaya (literally . Sri Lumay was noted for his strict policies in defending against Moro raiders and slavers from Mindanao. His use of scorched earth tactics to repel invaders gave rise to the name Kang Sri Lumayng Sugbo (literally . Sri Bantug died of an epidemic and was succeeded by his son Rajah Humabon (also known as Sri Humabon or Rajah Humabara). The harbors of Sugbo became known colloquially as sinibuayng hingpit (. He asked Humabon for a place to settle, and the king offered him the region of Mandawili (now Mandaue), including the island known as Opong (or Opon), hoping that Lapu- Lapu's people would cultivate the land. They were successful in this, and the influx of farm produce from Mandawili enriched the trade port of Sugbo further. He began raiding merchant ships passing the island of Opong, affecting trade in Sugbo. The island thus earned the name Mangatang (. When Portugueseconquistador. Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in the service of Spain, Zula was one of those who gave tribute to the Spanish king while Lapu- Lapu refused. They arrived in Mactan three hours before dawn. However, because of the presence of rock outcroppings and coral reefs, Magellan's ships could not land on the shores of Mactan. Their ships were forced to anchor . According to Antonio Pigafetta, they faced around 1,5. Lapu- Lapu armed with iron swords. At the taunting request of Lapu- Lapu, the battle did not begin until morning. Magellan, perhaps hoping to impress Humabon's warriors with the superiority of European armor and weapons, told Humabon's warriors to remain in their balangay. Magellan and forty- nine of the heavily armored Spaniards (armed with lances, swords, crossbows, and muskets) waded ashore to meet Lapu- Lapu's forces. They set fire to a few houses on the shore in an attempt to scare them. Instead, Lapu- Lapu's warriors became infuriated and charged. Two Spaniards were killed immediately in the fighting, and Magellan was wounded in the leg with a poisoned arrow. He ordered a retreat, which most of his men followed except for a few who remained to protect him. However, he was recognized as the captain by the natives, whereupon he became the focus of the attack. Outnumbered and encumbered by their armor, Magellan's forces were quickly overwhelmed. Magellan and several of his men were killed, and the rest escaped to the waiting ships. Magellan assumed that ancient Filipino society was structured in the same way as European society (i. While this may have been true in the Islamicsultanates in Mindanao, the Visayan societies were structured along a loose federation of city- states (more accurately, a chiefdom). The most powerful datu in such a federation has limited power over other member datu, but no direct control over the subjects or lands of the other datu. But the island of Mactan, the dominion of Lapu- Lapu and Zula, was in a location that enabled them to intercept trade ships entering the harbor of Cebu, Humabon's domain. Thus it was more likely that Lapu- Lapu was actually more powerful than Humabon, or at least was the undisputed ruler of Mactan. Humabon was married to Lapu- Lapu's niece. When Magellan demanded that Lapu- Lapu submit as his . However, the men of Humabon who accompanied Magellan did not engage in battle with Lapu- Lapu, though they helped with recovering the wounded Spaniards. Humabon later poisoned and killed twenty- seven Spanish sailors during a feast. According to the Aginid, this was because they had started raping the local women. It was also possibly to aid Magellan's Malayslave interpreter, Enrique of Malacca, in gaining his freedom. The Spanish were refusing to release him, even though Magellan explicitly willed that he be set free upon his death. The remaining ships - . From there, the expedition split into two groups. The Trinidad, commanded by Gonzalo G. Disease and shipwreck disrupted Espinoza's voyage and most of the crew died. Survivors of the Trinidad returned to the Spice Islands, where the Portuguese imprisoned them. The Victoria continued sailing westward, commanded by Juan Sebasti. In 1. 52. 9, Charles I of Spain relinquished all claim over the Spice Islands to Portugal in the treaty of Zaragoza. However, the treaty did not stop the colonization of the Philippine archipelago from New Spain. Lapu- Lapu later decided to return to Borneo with eleven of his children, three of his wives, and seventeen of his men. Nothing more is known of him after this. Five expeditions were sent: Loaisa (1. Cabot (1. 52. 6), Saavedra (1. Villalobos (1. 54. Legazpi (1. 56. 4). The inhabitants of the Sulu archipelago believe that Lapu- Lapu was a Muslim of the Taus. He also records the consumption of pork, dog meat, and palm wine (arak) by the Cebuanos. There is no mention of Islam. Had they been Moros, we would have erected a column there as a token of greater hardness, for the Moros are much harder to convert than the heathen.— Antonio Pigafetta, Primo viaggio intorno al mondo, c. Indeed, the Visayans were noted for their resistance to conversion to Islam in the epic poem Diyandi of the Aginid chronicle. The name of the capital city of the island (Sugbo, . They referred to the raiders as Magalos (. A large statue of him, donated by South Korea, stands in the middle of Agrifina Circle in Rizal Park in Manila, replacing a fountain and rollerskating rink. Lapu- Lapu appears on the official seal of the Philippine National Police. Fishermen in the island city would throw coins at a stone shaped like a man as a way of asking for permission to fish in the monarch’s territory. The statue faced the old city hall, where mayors used to hold office; Lapu- Lapu was shown with a crossbow in the stance of shooting an enemy. Superstitious citizens proposed to replace this crossbow with a sword, after three consecutive mayors of the city each died of heart attack. It is actually made of fire- hardened rattan, which superficially resembles bamboo, and is usually tipped with metal heads.^Cognates include the modern Cebuano words sugba (. A general collection of the best and most interesting voyages and travels in all parts of the world: many of which are now first translated into English; digested on a new plan. Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. Sucesos de las islas Filipinas por el doctor Antonio de Morga, obra publicada en M. Barangay: sixteenth- century Philippine culture and society. Ateneo de Manila University Press. Independence Documents of the World, Vol. The Philippines in the 6th to 1. Centuries. Provincial Government of Bulacan, Philippines. Retrieved July 9, 2. This legendary successor to Mangal was Lapu- lapu. There had been many versions, even myths surrounding Lapu- lapu’s origin. Pauls, 2. 01. 6), 6. Donald F. Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery. University of Chicago Press. Magellan’s Voyage Around the World: Three Contemporary Accounts. Northwestern University Press. Agoncillo, Teodoro A. Inc., Quezon City, ISBN 9. Zaide, Gregorio F. The Old Muslim's Opinions: A Year of Filipino Newspaper Columns. Retrieved December 2. Islam on the Move: The Tablighi Jama'at in Southeast Asia. Amsterdam University Press. Census of the Philippine Islands, Volume I: Geography, History, and Population. Washington, D. C.: United States Bureau of the Census. In Emma Helen Blair & James Alexander Robertson. The Philippine Islands, 1. Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century. Shamanism, Catholicism, and Gender Relations in Colonial Philippines, 1. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. This legendary successor to Mangal was Lapu- lapu. There had been many versions, even myths surrounding Lapu- lapu’s origin. One account tells that many years before Magellan’s arrival, a man called Dimantag traveling from Borneo reached to shores of Sibu. He asked Rajah Humabon for a place to settle. The wanderer was given the nearby Opong island, though Dimantag primarily preferred to settle in Mandawili (modern- day Mandaue). Ages passed, Dimantag rose to power in Opong and became known by Sibuanons as Sri Lapu- lapu (Cilapulapu by the Spaniards).
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